Philosophy Prep Essay

1. What are the different branches of philosophy, and what are they about? 2.Explain what a fallacy is. What kind of mistake is someone making when they commit a formal fallacy in an argument? 3. What is â€Å"wisdom,† and how does philosophy relate to it? 4. Describe the nature of critical thinking. What advantage does the critical thinker have over someone who lacks that skill? 5. Describe and explain the steps in the critical-thinking process. 6. What is wrong with â€Å"relativism† as a thought process? What does the relativist need to understand? 7. What do you think you can fruitfully learn from the study of philosophy? How can you apply philosophy to your life? 8. Describe the influence of Homer on early Greek thought. How did he pave the way for philosophical thought? 9. Describe and explain the underlying philosophy of knowledge that guided Socrates’ method of knowledge. 10. Who were the sophists, and why did they oppose Socrates? 11. Explain why Socrates was arrested. How did he respond to the charges against him? 12. Explain Plato’s view of the soul. Why did he liken it to a chariot? 13. What was Descartes’ conclusion about the nature of the self, and how did he arrive at that conclusion? 14. How did John Locke’s views differ from those of Descartes? How did that determine Locke’s views of the self? 15. What was Hume’s argument for the position that there is no such thing as the self? 16. What was distinctive about Kant’s view of the nature of self as related to experience? 17. What was Ryle’s view of the mental as it relates to the physical? How did Ryle’s view differ from those before him? 18. What are the two forms of physicalism? How do they differ from each other? 19. What is determinism? How is it different from the thesis that there is no free will? 20. What is hard determinism, and how is it argued for? 21. What did Baron D’Holbach mean by saying that â€Å"Absence of constraint is not absence of necessity†? 22. Explain the distinction that was made by W.T. Stace in arguing for the compatibility of free will with determinism. 23.What did Moritz Schlick mean by saying â€Å"If decisions were causeless there would be no sense in trying to influence men†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What role did this thought have in his theory of free will? 24. What is existentialism? Explain Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialist position on the nature of free actions. 25. Give some examples of questions that are asked in metaphysics. Which one(s) do you think are best indicative of the subject matter of metaphysics? Explain. 26. Describe the subject matter of epistemology, and explain what questions in epistemology you think are worth pursuing. 27. Describe Plato’s doctrine of the Forms. What questions was it meant to answer? 28. Describe Plato’s hierarchical metaphysics, explaining the relationships between the levels. 29. Explain and contrast the theories of knowledge of rationalism and empiricism. 30. How did Descartes go out about pursuing only knowledge that could be absolutely certain? What did he find?

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Agreement With Kyericos Clean Procurement Policy Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5447 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Modern concept of an organizations supply chain is pictured as starting from our suppliers and their suppliers, and their suppliers, through our own organization, and to our customers (and their customers, and their customers) Thus KYERICOs supply chain starts from its suppliers in India, China and Germany, through KYERICO and to its many well-known retailers in its customers base. And it is within this supply chain that has recorded the following ethical issues. Workers of Felico supplies are subjected to unhealthy conditions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Agreement With Kyericos Clean Procurement Policy Business Essay" essay for you Create order Employment of underage staff. Low wages being paid to workers of a supplier Felico supplies. Punishment of staff of some suppliers for their inability to complete orders on time. Procurement of eye drops without local purchase orders by KYERICO. KYERICO senior managers accepting gifts and favours from suppliers. Discrepancies between the automated stock figures and physical stock quantities. Pilfering by some members of staff of KYERICO. Discrimination in pay structures by KYERICO management against female employees. PLAN TO ADDRESS ETHICAL ISSUES IN KYERICOS SUPPLY CHAIN Ethics is concerned with the moral principles and values that govern our beliefs, actions and desires (Lysons). Ethical behaviour should be high on the agenda with supply chain management especially purchasing, buyers should be encouraged to operate to a principled standard. Ethics are also shaped more deliberately by public and professional bodies, in the form of agreed principles and guidelines that are designed to protect the public interest. Ethical issues may affect business such as KYERICO at three levels namely the macro level, the corporate level and the individual level. MACRO LEVEL. At the wider macro level, there are issues that concerns the role of business and capitalism in society. The debate about globalization, the exploitation of labour, the impact of industrialization on the environment and so on. AT KYERICO as part of the audit of suppliers by the new procurement manager, revealed the following at one of its suppliers by name Felico Supplies. Harsh and inhumane treatment is allowed-staffs are punished if they do not complete an order on time. Child labour is being used by Felico Supplies-under-age staffs are being employed. Living wages not paid-wages are very low. Working conditions are unsafe and unhygienic-workers at Felico supplies are subjected to unhealthy conditions. To address the ethical issues raised at this level, the procurement manager and the three buyers of KYERICO should subscribe to the tenets of ethical sourcing. Ethical sourcing will establish KYERICOs responsibility for labour and human rights in the supply chain. In todays global market it is not enough to look only at the basic purchasing criteria such as price, quality and delivery. Buyers at KYERICO must take responsibility for sourcing decisions by acting in an ethical manner towards stakeholders within the supply chain. Additionally, ethical issues at the macro level within the supply chain can be addressed by the Ethical Trading Initiative. This is an alliance of companies, non-governmental organisations and trade union organisation committed to working together to identify and promote good practice in the implementation of codes of labour practice. CORPORATE LEVEL At the corporate level, these are the issues which face an individual organization as it formulates strategies and policies about how it interact with its various stakeholders. Some of these issues will be covered by legislative and regulatory requirement, and organisation may have a compliance based approach to ethics which strives merely to uphold these minimal requirements. The sphere generally referred to as Corporate Social Responsibility covers policies which the organisation adopts for the well-being of stakeholders, taking a more proactive integrity based approach. Corporate Social Responsibility includes key issues of sustainability, human rights, labour and community relations, and supplier and customer relations beyond legal obligations. An organisations Corporate Social Responsibility may include Ethical trading, business relationships and development : consumer protection; the upholding of principles of good corporate governance, improvement of working (and social) con ditions for employees, suppliers and subcontractors, upholding ethical employment practices (such as equal opportunities and employment protection) In the case study under consideration, the following are Corporate Social Responsibility issues that needs to be addressed by Felico supplies. HUMAN RIGHTS Kyerico should devise a code of conduct for its suppliers. The code of conduct should have robust statements relating to human right issues (child labour, staffs punished if they do not complete orders in time) and should be enforced regularly. EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES Kyericos purchasing department can ensure that equal opportunities is an issue included in and monitored in the Code of Conduct that suppliers need to comply with. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. At the individual level, there are the issues which face individuals as they act and interact within the organisation and supply chain: whether to accept gifts or hospitality which might be perceived as an attempt to influence supplier selection. These issues are often addressed by a Professional Code of Ethics. The audit of the internal procurement function of Kyerico reveals unethical practices in the following areas. HOSPITALITY AND GIFTS A GERMAN based supplier Alexco is gaining 40% of the total orders although its costs are higher than the other similar suppliers. This GERMAN suppliers offers of Hospitality to a number of KYERICO senior managers appears very suspicious. Even though offers of hospitality are among common courtesies of business dealings, the problem for buyers is to decide when these practice among the senior managers of KYERICO amount to an attempt to induce a favourable sourcing decision. The new procurement management should conduct further investigations into these hospitality offers- whether the German companys share of 40% of orders is as a result of the hospitality offers being enjoyed by the senior managers. Is there an explicit link between the offers and the award of business to the GERMAN supplier? A major difficulty in answering this puzzle may be the difference in perceptions between the managers of KYERICO and the German supplier. To the German supplier, these offers of hospitality may be merely a token of appreciation, of a kind that his organisation virtually expects to bestow on most or all customers. To the senior managers, the offers may become a material inducement to favour the German supplier. Thus on business dealings, the difference in perception may also be a cultural issue. Ethical issues are increasingly a concern to major companies and this is reflected in the number of firms which now publish detailed procedural guides in this area. Therefore to address the ethical issues raised in the supply chain of KY ERICO, the plan below will be developed. POLICIES AND RULES. The procurement manager buyers and senior managers should subscribe to the tenets of ethical sourcing and ethical trading. These are meant to address ethical issues relating to labour and human rights. The organisation KYERICO should ensure that Corporate Social Responsibility issues are made part of company policy. Corporate Social Responsibility will address ethical issues in the supply chain of KYERICO. HUMAN RIGHTS. Workers wherever they are in the world have rights as enshrined in the UN Charter of human rights. As an organisation we must ensure that our employees and the employees of our suppliers have these rights. No organisation should be involved in supply situations that infringe on human rights of others. EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES. Equality considerations include equal pay, and the treatment of people in a way which is fair is to everyone. The organisation must ensure that its policies and the policies of its suppliers reflects these issues. Equality is a fundamental right, we should not seek to discriminate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY. As a purchasing department or an organisation our responsibility is to the surrounding in which our organisations operates and the impact of our requirement, produced in terms of our portfolio by suppliers on surroundings in which they operate. Hence we are interest in their waste disposal processes etc. SUSTAINABILITY. In the manufacture of products, this issue emphasises the use of materials which are either reusable themselves or made from resources which are produced from materials that are recycled or regenerated frequently. STAKEHOLDERS COMMUNICATION. The ethical policies to be developed should be communicated effectively to both the internal and external stakeholders. Therefore KYERICO procurement manager should also include a communication plan that will inform the various stakeholders of the new ethical policies. A formal communication channel within KYERICO may take any of the following. Instruction from the Board/Management of KYERICO that will include briefings, rules and policies. Horizontal or lateral in the form of interdepartmental meetings. Between KYERICO and suppliers this takes place at the top management levels, since changes in ethical policy is an information for strategic and policy planning and decision making. This will be formal face to face meeting between senior managers of KYERICO and suppliers. The purchasing function effective communication of ethical rules and policies to both internal and external relationships can add value to the organisation. Improved levels of communication between st akeholders can lead to more direct value adding processes within the supply chain. These are to ensure that staffs of KYERICO and staff of our suppliers have access to the ethical policies and to faster responsible and ethical behaviour 1b) RULES FOR ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR Ethics in supply chain management has two aspects: ethical behaviour and ethical sourcing. Buyers are, arguably, more exposed to ethical temptations than most professionals. They control large sums of organisational funds. Their decisions typically benefit some suppliers over others-creating an incentive to try and influence those decisions. Within purchasing there is a high priority placed on ethical behaviour and therefore KYERICO needs to create a set of rules as a preventive measure against future occurrence. INTERNAL RULES A general commitment to a set of rules, evidenced in writing and supported by appropriate training together with a management committed to ethical ideals, provides an organisational background in which ethical behaviour can flourish. Senior Managers and buyers of KYERICO must declare any personal interest that may impinge on their activities. Senior Managers and buyers of KYERICO must respect confidentiality of information. Except for small-value items, business gifts should not be accepted. Senior Managers and buyers of KYERICO should avoid any arrangement that might prevent fair competition. Buyers of KYERICO should be rotated to avoid any particular buyer becoming familiar with any supplier as this will prevent unethical practices taking place. KYERICO should encourage employees or managers to report ethical breaches without fear of reprisal. All managers or employees should register all offers of gifts and hospitality to ensure transparency in supply chain management. KYERICO should have a policy on tendering transparency. KYERICO should promote the use of recycled materials by suppliers. EXTERNAL RULES Since purchasing is the interface between KYERICO and the outside world (suppliers), the awareness of ethical issues is important in purchasing. An ethical sourcing policy places a clear obligation on both an organisation and the purchasing department to ensure compliance. This obligation will often be accompanied by the development of Codes of Conduct which will be placed on the next tier suppliers. These suppliers, in turn, place similar obligations on their suppliers. KYERICO should put in place these rules for suppliers to follow. AGREEMENT WITH KYERICOS CLEAN PROCUREMENT POLICY. Our suppliers must agree with our fair and ethics-based principle and implement fair business. COMPLIANCE WITH FAIR TRADE. Our suppliers must ensure full compliance with laws, regulations, and social ethics under KYERICO Purchase Agreement with our units. FAIR TRANSACTION ON AN EQUAL BASIS. When procuring goods and services, we should conduct fair and appropriate transactions with suppliers according to specified policies and procedures while maintaining the belief that there shall be no private interest in the procurement process. SAFEGUARDING OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH AND SAFETY OF LABOUR. Our suppliers must not use any illegal, forced or child labour force. They must also fully comply with the laws and regulations in each country where they conduct business operation with regard to employment conditions and occupational health and safety standards, including remuneration and working conditions. SELECTION OF SUPPLIERS When procuring goods and services, we assess and select our suppliers by providing fair competition opportunities according to the following procurement standards. HOTLINE FOR SUPPLIERS Put in place a hotline number for suppliers to report any wrong doing in confidence IMPOSITION OF SOCIAL STANDARDS. Impose social standards, Example labour rights, health and safety) and environmental standards on suppliers. The management of kYERICO should put in place a set of rules for ethical behaviour that will help KYERICO and its suppliers prevent the issues identified in the case study. These rules must cover areas such as human rights, equal opportunities, employment of under-age staff, pilfering by staff, low staff wages and so on. BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTION 1 FOGG MIKE, (2006), MANAGING PURCHASING AND SUPPY RELATIONSHIPS, 1ST EDITION, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY. CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY, (2010), IMPROVING SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE, 3RD EDITION, PROFEX PUBLISHING LIMITED. CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY,(2010), RISK MANAGEMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN VULNERABILITY, 3RD EDITION, PROFEX PUBLISHING LIMITED. ETHICS, (ONLINE), AVAILABLE AT www.cips.org, 27th January 2013. QUESTION 2. In business, new product development (NPD) is the complete process of bringing a new product to market. A product is a set of benefits offered for exchange and can be tangible or intangible (like a service). Product development may involve modification of an existing product or its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly defined customer want or market niche. It is also the creation of products with new or different characteristics that offer new or additional benefits to the customer. To improve the companies existing portfolio, procurement function of KYERICO should come up with ideas as to how to work with both the internal and external stakeholders. KYERICO sales turnover for its eye preparations has seen a gradual decline over the last two years. This is as a result of KYERICOs inability to collaborate and coordinate with both external stakeholders such as manufacturers, external marketing organisations suppliers and internal stakehold ers such as finance, marketing, sales, packing and warehousing. EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS (STAKEHOLDERS) There is a general trend for procurement function in a company to develop relationship and partnership interfaces with external relationships stakeholders. EXTERNAL SUPPLIERS Evaluation and Suppliers Selection. A supplier is defined as the person or organisation that provides a product or service to another business. Finding a reliable and competitively priced supplier is vital to the success of the business of KYERICO. Suppliers are invaluable partners in KYERICOs efforts to continually better serve customers with high quality eye drops, mainly by helping us to develop products that meet our customers expectation. KYERICO should be committed to creating the functions and values customers demand by establishing relationships of mutual trust with suppliers through the strengthening of external relationships. The procurement manager of KYERICO should ensure that the company evaluates and select the best suppliers in a fair manner by adopting the following criteria. Assurance of required product quality and safety. Fulfilment of on-time delivery. Advanced technology and development capability. Environment consciousness. Respecting human rights and health and safety of labou r. The above criteria will ensure the KYERICOs portfolio remain price competitive in the light of the growing number of competitors in the market, the quality of supplied eye drops is up to date with market trends and new technology is incorporated in the product packaging of the eye drops. Implementation Information Gathering and Purchasing During the Development Phase. The buyers of KYERICO should serve as a liaison between KYERICO and its suppliers to collect information on market trends in materials and products as well as new technology such as laser and processes. The procurement function is responsible for collecting information and sharing it with the relevant function of KYERICO. The procurement function must collaborate with suppliers in new product planning, design, RD operations to take proactive actions. Procurement should help make new eye preparation (branch) that are more competitive through active involvement from product development to after sales issues such as networking, exhibitions. Ensuring Product Quality and Safety. In line with KYERICOs quality assurance policy, procurement will clarify the quality level of existing products and standards being demanded in the eye drops market, and new products must fulfil in the development phase and request suppliers to secure and maintain the required quality. Our buyers will also ask each supplier to develop their own autonomous quality assurance systems by ensuring high quality in manufacturing Processes. Respecting Human Rights and Health and Safety Labour. KYERICO will conduct its procurement activities while respecting the human rights of individual employees of our company and our suppliers and thus provide a safe and healthy working environment. The procurement manager will ensure that all our suppliers strictly respect the human rights of all employees and that health and safety issues at the workplaces of all suppliers are adhered to. This will be done by making these issues part of the evaluation criteria. Enhancing Compliance. KYERICO will conduct procurement activities with integrity, we will ensure that our suppliers comply with laws, regulations and social ethics in each nation and region and promote fair and open competition. The acceptance of gifts and hospitality offers from some suppliers will be stopped. Achieving Optimum Procurement by Shortening Lead-Time. The procurement function will strive to shorten lead-times for procurement, new product development to flexibly respond to changes in market needs by closely collaborating with other external stakeholders. (2) EXTERNAL CUSTOMER. These organisations are not part of the buyers organisation. These are the clinics and hospitals that purchase eye drops from KYERICO. It seems the external customers are now considering alternative brands of eye drops from our competitors because they are offering better quality products. Purchasing can establish quality assurance procedures with suppliers to increase the quality of eye drops. INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS (STAKEHOLDERS) PROCUREMENT FUNCTION The objective of a procurement function should move beyond its primary role of obtaining goods and services in response to internal needs of other functions. The role of the procurement function within KYERICO starts by looking of the following objectives. SUPPORT OPERATION REQUIREMENTS. This requires purchasing to: Understand business requirements. Buy products and services at the right price, from the right source, at the right specification that meets users needs, in the right quantity, for delivery at the right time, to the right internal customer. Internal stakeholders of the procurement function of KYERICO include: Finance, Marketing, Sales, Packing and Warehousing. MANAGE THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS AND THE SUPPLY BASE EFFICIENTLY AND EFFECTIVELY. To manage the procurement process and supply base efficiently and effectively procurement must follow the following key steps: Identify opportunities where the procurement team adds true value: Evaluation and selection of suppliers. All purchases should go through the approved procurement processes. Other functional inputs are part of this process. Sales personnel should not be allowed to enter contractual agreements without procurements involvement. Managing the supply base Current suppliers are competitive. Identification of new potential suppliers and develop relationship. Manage its internal operations efficiently and effectively including. Managing of procurement staff. Developing and maintain of policies and processes. Defining procurement strategy and structure. Developing plans and measures. Providing procurement leadership to the organisation. Providing professional training and growth opportunities for employees. DEVELOPMENT STRONG RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Procurement staff/buyers will collaborate with internal customers such as marketing, finance etc. to achieve greater understanding of requirements. RELATIONSHIP WITH FINANCE. Procurement can contribute to product development by collaborating with finance executives to reduce the costs of product development. This will be done by finding opportunities to reduce costs in the product development cycle. The role of finance within the purchasing process, is setting and reporting on budgets and financial appraisal of suppliers and projects such as product development. Product development can be done through the setting up of cross functional teams involving the Finance Department of KYERICO. Finance is also involved in cash management and the use of their expertise will help KYERICO to know whether the funding will be available in the new product development. Finance also have expertise in investment appraisal for the new product development. RELATIONSHIP WITH MARKETING. Procurement and marketing can work together by allowing the marketing professionals to do their job of promoting KYERICOs existing portfolio. Procurement will do so by increasing the resources available to marketing, so marketing can consider attending conferences and network events linked to well-known manufacturers. Procurement can also collaborate with marketing to gain early insight into new product ideas. Also in forecast and demand planning requirements of new eye drops developments. Procurement should also collaborate in effective marketing requirements such as differentiation, innovation. Marketers role in new product development will be in areas such as competitor assessment, product life cycles, market development, and product development. Their inclusion in a cross functional team or consultation by the purchasing team will yield value addition to the new product being developed. This will aid KYERICO to develop new quality products that will be acceptable to custo mers and end users thus improving the sales turn over. Marketers will also fashion out how the new products will be promoted. Media, public relations and promotion. WAREHOUSING. Logistics and warehousing teams handle a variety and volume of products. Communication from the procurement department of KYERICO and store manager about the New Product development will solicit their views of the storage conditions of the new product. The logistics team must also communicate with the purchasing team to make it aware of any difficulties with receipts or issues with packaging or handling items delivered by suppliers. Also involving them or consulting them with respect to new products, the team will get their perspectives on the storage conditions of both the product and new packaging materials to be used. They will be of help in the drafting of the requirements specification of new products. Involving Pharmacists as part of teams will use their technical knowledge in the design medicines to help in the formulation of new products. They have the technical knowledge to advise the procurement department on the specification of the new products. The product function of KYERICO can contribute to new product development if the procurement manager and his or her team manage its relationship with stakeholders well. The procurement function should collaborate and coordinate with both external stakeholders and internal stakeholders. This will require developing relationship with finance, marketing, sales, packing and warehousing, suppliers and customers to create the added value that KYERICO need. BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTION 2 FOGG MIKE, (2006), MANAGING PURCHASING AND SUPPY RELATIONSHIPS, 1ST EDITION, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY. THOMPSON IAN, (2006), PURCHASING CONTEXT, 1ST EDITION, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY. STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS, (ONLINE), AVAILABLE AT www.cips.org, 28th JANUARY 2013. QUESTION 3. Procurement can be called sustainable when an organisation uses its buying power to signal preferences to the market by its choice of goods and services which meet sustainable development criteria. This power is widely recognised in a number of local and national authorities both in developed and developing countries where the application of sustainable procurement is becoming increasingly common and where a wealth of implementation tool exists. Sustainable procurement is not about burdening the market with extra requirement; rather its a well-defined strategy that gradually phases in sustainable requirement in bids, supports measures, promotes dialogue and open communication between suppliers and buyers. There is no single definition of sustainable procurement but, in its simplest terms, it is the ability to purchase products and equipment, usually on a scale, without compromising resources for future generations. (www.governmenttechnology.co.uk) There are many approaches to supplier relationship management within purchase and supply contracts in the context of sustainable procurement policy. Examples of supplier relationships are Preferred Suppliers, Public Private Partnerships and Long Term Suppliers Relationships. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPPs). Are made between public and private sector organisation. It is the involvement of private enterprise (in the form of management expertise and/or monetary contributions) in a government projects aimed at public benefit. It is a business relationship between a private sector company and a government agency for the purpose of completing a project that will serve the public. Public-private partnerships can be used to finance, build and operate projects such as public, transportation networks, parks and convention centres. Financing a project through a PPP can allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place. PPPs often use private sector investments to finance a public project when sufficient public funding is not available. Example of Public Private Partnerships. Private Finance Initiative (PFI) often used for capital and infrastructure construction projects, using private sector finance and with long term contracts, typically, up to 25 or 3 0 years. Strategic service delivery partnerships. Joint venture companies. Arrangement where private sector skills are used to sell public sector services and assets into markets. BENEFITS OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS COST SAVINGS AND INNOVATION In the relationship or partnership, the private sector brings a commercial edge and is more experienced in going after the money and finding cost savings. The private sector tends to more innovative and prepared to try new ways of working, and will invest even in these cash-constrained times. On the other hand, the public sector brings experience at dealing with a range of consumers and service needs. SHARING OF FINANCIAL RISK AND BEST PRACTICE. To be successful, partnerships need to have a shared vision and you need high-level engagement from both sides. This engagement most of the time includes the investment of financial resources from both the public and private partners. Should this partnership prove unsuccessful in some cases, the risk of this loss is shared by the partners. ACQUISITION OF PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT. This partnership arrangement facilitates the transfer of private transfer of resources into community projects. The public sector is under an enormous strain financially. A true partnership seek out ways of putting something back into the community being served in a way that gains support. HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY Alleviation of capacity constraint and bottlenecks in the economy through higher productivity of labour and capital resources in the delivery of projects. HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY Creation of added value through synergies between public authorities and private sector companies, in particular through the integration and cross transfer of public and private sector skills, knowledge and expertise. A practical example of a PPP is DHLs partnership with the Ministry of Justices National Offend or Management Service (NOMS) does more than just offering an efficient service it helps prisoners gain the skills they need to put the past behind them. At present 550 prisoners work in t he NOMS scheme, picking and packing orders for the peers. Its a perfect mix of efficiency (service levels have been improved by over 99%) cost cutting (saving  £2m in labour costs) and social responsibility, offering offenders the chance to improve their skills, gain national qualifications and give something back. RISKS COSTLY AND INEFFECTIVE. In spite of the above advantages, public-private partnerships are too costly or ineffective. There is the tendency for tax payers to pay higher costs because the private sector usually sell their services at higher costs than the government. INEQUALITIES IN STAFF PAY AND CONDITIONS. Remuneration levels and conditions of service differ in the private sector. In the private sector, staff enjoy better salaries and conditions of service as compared to that of the public sector. These inequalities can affect the morale of the staff of the public sector leading to low output. Thus affecting the output and objectives of this partnership. As with any contract between a public entity a private form, both partners are seeking to gain from the relationship. The public authority is looking to maximize the socio economic profitability of public sector investment. The private sector operator is looking to maximise financial profits. The role of the PPPs in sustainable procurement is evolving and there are a number of areas where companies can contribute, make an impact and at the same time gain valuable market and operational insight for their own operations. LONG TERM SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS. Long term supplier relationships are generally the result of a strategic purchasing approach. They involve elements of risk and opportunity sharing and close co-operation. Benefits could include alignment of buyer/supplier strategies, sharing of innovation, and better continuity of supply improvement in shareholder value. INNOVATION IN PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES. Sustainable procurement brings about sustainability-driven innovation. This is sometimes used for the creation of products, services, processes and new markets, driven by economic, social and environmental sustainability issues. Increasing demands for sustainable products spurs suppliers on to develop innovative new products and processes. Long term supplier relationships have led the way in sustainable procurement creating the way for the successful market adoption of innovative products and services. ENSURING CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY. Continuity of supply means that an organisation can obtain materials and supplies it requires without interruption. Ensuring continuity of supply is clearly one of the major task of a purchasing function. Adopting a sustainable procurement policy ensures that not only supplies can be obtained at a sensible price but that supplies are environmentally-friendly and ethically sourced. PROMOTES CONTINOUS IMPROVEMENT. Continuous improvement means setting goals and standards to be met and when these have been achieved, increased in such a way as makes them reasonable and achievable. Sustainable Procurement- like quality management and other process improvement techniques-involves the ongoing and continual examination and improvement of existing process: getting it more right, next time. RISKS. Risk could include supplier complacency and financial overdependence by either party. SUPPLIER COMPLACENCY. The first potential risk that customers need to be aware of is that tying up with specific suppliers, may force them to specialize in a specific niche in the market. This will result in the supplier being complacent. The long term relationship with the supplier usually means the supplier become their main priority, and the supplier will focus on meeting their business needs. FINANCIAL OVERDEPENDENCE. Another risk that a supplier may have to deal with when entering into a long term relationship is related to selling price. In long term relationships, the customer will usually expect that the supplier will annually develop their techniques, figuring out ways to lower their selling price. This expectation puts immense pressure on the supplier to innovate and make the company more efficient. Their inability to lower costs will possibly result in the firm choosing an alternative supplier, leaving the supplier without a business. These risks, although significant, do not mean that long term relationship are never the right solution for a supplier, and in fact, entry into long term relationships has the potential to help suppliers in many ways. Long term relationships with companies can be often be beneficial for suppliers, but it is essential they consider the risks before agreeing to a long-term relationships. PREFERRED SUPPLIERS. Preferred supplier relationships are often the result of pre-qualification against a specific set of sourcing criteria. The supplier has a track record of satisfactory performance and user departments are allowed to order from them without further checking. Suppliers may hold a particular specialism or standard. Adopting a sustainable procurement policy when dealing with preferred suppliers will result in the following benefits: MAXIMISING VALUE Preferred suppliers deliver the best overall value to the customer based on the price, delivery capabilities quality, past performance, training, financial stability, ease of ordering and so on. EASE OF ORDERING It is easier to order from preferred suppliers, especially those with catalogues and this relationship also reduces transaction costs. Example total costs of acquisition. REDUCED RISK DUE TO IMPROVED CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION. Service levels are higher because these preferred suppliers have a stronger commitment to the customer. Thus the purchaser monitors the performance of Preferred Suppliers to ensure they comply with the signed contract agreement. The buyer has considered leverage and is able to hold these suppliers more accountable in ensuring that products and services meet the expectations of user department and units. And if the expectation of the user department are not met, the buyer can assist in resolving the disputes. IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY. User department are not required to call for other bids when choosing to utilize a preferred suppliers as this activity has already been performed by the procurement department; terms and conditions also already established. This allows the user departments to better focus on their core functions/responsibilities. SAVINGS. Using preferred suppliers helps the buyer to consolidate purchasing power and leverage volume. Consolidation of usage drives up to volume, providing incentive for vendors to offer the best possible price. All the savings realized by the procurement department benefits everyone. RISKS. Risks can include missing out on innovations from non-preferred suppliers or supplier/buyer unresponsiveness to change. Dependence on a preferred supplier increases vulnerability to supplier failure or supplier disruption (example strike, disaster). This will lead to reputational damage by association. Complacent performance by a preferred by a preferred supplier will lead erosion of quality of supplies.

Organized Crime Group Analysis - 1527 Words

Organized Crime Group Analysis Team A CJA 384 Organized Crime Group Analysis In this paper it was asked of us as a team to give an in-depth historical analysis of an organized crime group. With this class being about organized crime one would think to write about mobsters, but we decided to think outside the box. Even though when thinking of organized crime the first thought is The Italian Mafia and groups of that sort, one has to remember that organized crime comes in many different forms of organizations. From this class we were able to understand more on organized crime and who can be classified as an organized crime organization. Organizations that one would never really think of as having ties to organized crime may have some†¦show more content†¦Bite, 2012). The structure of the Aryan Brotherhood was built on race and control to protect its white members in prison but on the outside its street distribution saw only one color green. As for its political gain the group says it has no political ties what so ever. Thr ough my readings I found that there is a link between the Aryan brotherhood and KKK and that’s in the military. Scott Barfield a defense department investigator said â€Å"Recruiters are knowingly allowing neo-Nazis and white supremacists to join the army forces, and commanders do not remove them from the military even after we positively identify them as extremists or gang members†. In the U.S there have been members of the Klan that held political ground Robert Byrd Dem U.S senator and David Duke Louisiana St. legislature are some. It’s a latter effect from prison to politics but within my readings the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree. Now-a-days The Aryan Brotherhood is dwindling in groups and more are being spread out and held in isolation all over the U.S to dismember groups (B.G. Bite, 2011) The Aryan Brotherhood run illegal businesses as themselves or allied with other gangs (Aryan Brotherhood, 2012). In 1972 it is said that the Aryan Brotherh ood formed an alliance with the Mexican Mafia so that they could all import drugs into the U.S. TheShow MoreRelatedConflict Analysis : Mexico And Central America1687 Words   |  7 Pages In this paper, I will focus on Policy Issues through Conflict Analysis in Latin America. First, I will talk about the differences and critiques in the Merida Initiative: Mexico and Central America. Then, I will focus on â€Å"Drug War†: Lenses, Frames, and â€Å"Seeing† Solutions. I will then talk about, â€Å"conflict analysis ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬, a lens for viewing conflict that brings into focus a multilevel, integrative diagnosis of the violence in Mexico and supports recent evolutions in Plan Merida toward a more holisticRead MoreNational Intelligence Analysis1531 Words   |  7 PagesNational Intelligence Analysis et al. (2010) claim that in the early 2000s, Canadas heroin market was controlled by South and Southwest Asia, and these regions took Southeast Asias place. Since 2004, heroin seizures have been increasing even though heroin is allegedly one of the least commonly used illicit drugs in Canada (NIA et al., 2010). Asian, Latin American, and West African organ ized crime groups, functioning in Canada as well as in foreign countries, remained to be participants in smugglingRead MoreThe Manifestations Of Organized Crime Among Roma1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe Manifestations of Organized Crime Among Roma in Romania Abstract - Organized crime captures the attention of the entire society, generating insecurity and fear among citizens. When talking about organized crime, especially among the Roma, although the terminology refers to extremely serious criminal deeds, initially we are tempted to think about the frequent methods used to sensitize that the Roma people abuse of: begging, marketing of products or metalworking. The sense of security among citizensRead MoreRussian Organized Crime Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesRussian Organized Crime (ROC) The term Russian organized crime (ROC) refers to criminal groups from the 15 republics which comprised the former Soviet Union. ROC has existed for 20 years in the United States but during the last five years law enforcement authorities have observed a distinct increase in their criminal activities. Criminals from the former Soviet Union have established their networks in major cities and are also emerging in some smaller cities. ROC groups are involved in murderRead MoreOrganized Crime1084 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Organized crime can be a number of different types of things. According to Lyman Potter, (2007), â€Å"The NCIS describes organized crime as having four salient attributes: An organized crime group contains at least three people; The criminal activity the group engages in is ongoing and indefinite in duration; The group is motivated by a desire for profit or power; and, The group commits serious criminal offenses†(p.15). The group we chose is the American Mafia families of New YorkRead MoreThe Impact Of Drug Trafficking And Organized Crime1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has a vast illegal drug market as well as high numbers of people indulging in organized crime. Drug law enforcement personnel face problems when protecting the United States borders to avoid any drug trafficking instances. Drug trafficking involves smuggling of illegal drugs producing states such as Mexico to the consumer markets in other regions within the United States Organized Crime, on the other hand, is the practice of the offense through threats or violence and aims to collectRead MoreThe Issue Of Cyber Crime1118 Words   |  5 Pagescommit a crime. Whether a person is covering their face with a ski mask as they physically rob a bank or someone infiltrates a hospital’s network to steal personal information for ransom, every criminal finds comfort in the warped sense that their identity will most likely be unknown, which will allow them to evade law enforcement. Due to technological advancements, criminals are more likely to remain anonymous after committing a criminal act when they engage in cyber crime. As a result, organized crimeRead MoreDrug Seizures In Canada Case Study1091 Words   |  5 Pagesannual surplus of between 1733 kg and 8624 kg of ATS available to be exported from Canada (Bouchard et al., 2011). Bouchard et al. (2011) contend that this indicates that somewhere between 38% and 75% of ATS produced in Canada is exported. Organized crime g roups have greatly increased synthetic drug export to foreign countries, such as the United States, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia, by transforming legally acquired substances from pharmacies (Morselli et al., 2016). Morselli et al. (2016) stateRead MoreTransnational Criminal Organization and the Law Enforcement Community1010 Words   |  5 Pagesrelatively isolated or contained criminal acts by individuals or small groups. Random and personal crimes committed by individuals can usually be handled by police at the local level, as the investigation is limited to the known crime (or crimes) that have been committed and reported. 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How Computers Are Essential in Criminal Justice Field Free Essays

Computers take part in a big role in the Criminal Justice Field. So far computers have allowed us to make it accessible for witnesses to go through and look for a suspect’s picture on the screen. Computers have enabled us to be able to do DNA testing. We will write a custom essay sample on How Computers Are Essential in Criminal Justice Field or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which now only takes the labs a short time to process, and finding criminals from cases 15+ years ago can now be charged for their actions. There are laptop computers in police vehicles; therefore, police officers can look up information right then and there instead of having to wait until they get back to the station. Some cars even have the wireless Internet connection that goes through satellite which allows them to do even greater things. Computers have also allowed the use of fingerprinting to expand. Agencies can now take someone’s fingerprints and send them through the computer and find out if they are linked to any other cases going on at the time, or any other cases in the past. A computer forensic scientist or technician is still considered a cutting edge profession in the criminal justice field. With the increase of cybercrime, cyberterrorism, identity theft, and Internet child predators, computer forensic scientists are needed to track seemingly traceless criminals. Computer forensic scientists work with law enforcement officials, legal teams, independent companies and the government to conduct investigations, retrieve evidence and sometimes even testify in court. Computer forensic scientists are in high demand because they need to have a very thorough, practical knowledge of computers, networks, hacking, data retrieval, information security, and computer surveillance, as well as criminal justice concepts like confidentiality, privacy laws, evidence handling and more. Generally, computer forensic scientists are supervised during their work by a forensic scientist, and they must have the ability to work well in stressful situations. Depending on the casework, these professionals may also encounter irregular schedules and long overtime hours. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the job outlook for computer forensic investigators will be excellent for the next several years. This prediction is for self-employed investigators as well as those employed by a firm. Investigators who work on their own will enjoy more flexibility, but may make far less or far more than they would in a firm. Salary for self-employed investigators varies on their geographic location, experience and number of clients. You can read also King v Cogdon Firms offer more stability and usually provide benefits like paid vacation and health insurance. The average salary reported in 2006 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics was $33,750 for private investigators, although those in the computer forensics field generally earn higher salaries. The median range for private investigators settled between $24,180 and $47,740. Computer forensic scientists and investigators are expected to be highly educated professionals, so a bachelor’s degree is required. A Master’s degree in a field like computer science of criminal justice can be extremely beneficial to acquiring the top level jobs, as students in these programs will learn about all the cutting edge technologies, systems and concepts needed to succeed in computer forensics. A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out. A computer’s processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment . The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as â€Å"computers†. However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. In the global village called the internet, not everyone plays nice. You always hear of the word â€Å"hack†. It is mostly used in relation to invading of computers. Most of these are not entirely true but computer network systems do get hacked. If and when it does happen, it usually involves something sinister. Even employees of companies do engage in snooping or to use our favorite word, hacking. The birth of the internet has led to more of this. Anyone can be anything online. This is why fraud, phishing, and identity theft happen. The computer has become an important part of everyday life. Sending letters have been entirely changed by emails. Communications have been dominated by instant and text messaging. Portable storage devices that were an exclusive preserve of Information Technology professionals are now used by the general public. I think you are already getting the idea of why computer forensics are needed. In the event that hacking does occur, the computer forensic will do the following: 1. Like any other investigation, the computer forensic must handle the area as a crime scene. He or she will take digital photographs and secure documentary evidence. This will include printouts, notes and disks in the scene. If you are the one who hired the computer forensic expert, you should leave everything to them. The computer system should be left as is whether it is turned on or off. If the computer was left on, the analyst will gather all the information that he or she can from the running applications. The computer will then be shutdown in a way that the data will not be lost. Doing a standard shutdown or pulling the plug is not an option. Both of these methods may cause the loss or damage of the data in the computer system. 2. The forensic investigator must then document the configuration of the system as you would document a crime scene. This should include the order of hard drives, modem, LAN, storage subsystems, cable connections, and wireless networking hardware. The analyst may make a diagram to go along with the digital photographs. They will also take portable storage devices within the area that may contain substantial evidence. 3. The computer forensic expert must take all the evidence to the lab. This is because the analyst should not examine the evidence in the same hardware. People who engage in cyber crimes are also aware that important data can be retrieved to convict them. Countermeasures, viruses and booby traps may be installed in the system to damage electronic evidence. Analysts take the hard drive in their lab instead to make an exact duplicate of its contents. This process is called Imaging. Analysts have their own tools to make sure that the data is copied completely and accurately. The duplicate will then be verified by an algorithm. The data is then examined and analyzed. The analyst makes a report of his or her findings and the process that was taken during the investigation starting from the acquisition of the data. This evidence will be presented in court if prosecution is necessary. Notable civil engineering projects, whose pioneers included Isambard Kingdom Brunel, contributed to the advancement of railway transport systems. Other advances pioneered in the UK include the marine chronometer, the jet engine, the modern bicycle, electric lighting, the steam turbine, the electromagnet, stereo sound, motion pictures, the screw propeller, the internal combustion engine, military radar, the electronic computer, photography, aeronautics, soda water, IVF, nursing, antiseptic surgery, vaccination and antibiotics. Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet. In 2006 it was reported that the UK provided 9 percent of the world’s scientific research papers and a 12 per cent share of citations, the second highest in the world after the US. In the 1950s the UK had more Physics Nobel Prizes than any other nation, despite its relatively small size. How to cite How Computers Are Essential in Criminal Justice Field, Papers

Importance of Research in Property Market Business

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Research in Property Market Business. Answer: Introduction Market research can be defined as an activity which involves collecting information and data with the aim of identifying the ability of a service or product to satisfy consumer needs. This research assists in gaining information about the companys competitors, market trends, population and the spending habits of the consumers. It also helps in identifying the market patterns in a particular business niche.1 Therefore market research is necessary to practice for every business that needs to grow. In any given business organization, market research is very critical in order to achieve set objectives. The research should be done in the initial stages then frequently so as to keep up with the increasingly changing day to day trends. The key aspects that must be dealt with in any kind of business include competition, demand versus supply, expected profit margin, customer experience as well as a sales technique. All these factors must be addressed when conducting a market research analysis so as to be able to identify gaps in the niche chosen with the aim of establishing and maintaining a brand name. Product definition is a crucial phase since it determines the success or failure of a product at this stage effective research work and engineering are fundamental as it results in high product performance in meeting the market demands. This applies to business organizations in the field of provision of service as well. Thus, it is very critical to develop an appropriate business research model suitable for the business to be explored. Aim and objectives of the study The purpose of this study is to clearly address the gaps in the Australian property market, with the aim of providing substantive information to real estate developers, property development agencies, investors and other interested parties. A contemporarysurvey conducted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on the property market reveals a myriad of challenges, which if not addressed through research will have a negative impact on the economy as well. The paper will also address possible solutions majorly in terms of pricing efficiency. The paper will establish current trends in comparison to customer preferences, market demand and projected cash flow, with the aim of building a brand. There is no market which is absolutely efficient, and this applies to the property market as well since the prices are not determined by and in the market. Research methodology This section of the study presents the research methodology used in the study. Basically, it will present research design and explain why it is suitable for this specific study over other research design. The study population, sampling, and the sampling procedure will be discussed. In addition data collection methods, data analysis and data presentation method are also presented here. Research design presents the ideology of how the research problem will be studied. It contains animportant section of the research such as research questions, propositions, unit of analysis and the relationship between them and the procedure of interpreting findings.6The suitability of the research design will be guided by the fact that the issue at hand will be guided by questions. The interview and questionnaire methods will be adopted in this case to provide personal experience and future expectations. An appropriate sample will be selected for this study Descriptive survey suits this study since data gathered through an interview is both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data is preferred because it will cover and address a wide range of issues satisfactorily. Achieved by carrying out a wide range of surveys including face to face (interviews), paper, online, careful observations, and literature review Besides surveys, a structured questionnaire will be developed consisting of closed and openended questions issued to selected sample population for first-hand information. The open-ended questions will be incorporated to allow respondents to freely express their views. Descriptive research design will be used throughout the research process to examine the importance of managing the dive rseworkforce. This will include studying the behaviors, attitudes, feelings and choices and there will be no alteration of the results whatsoever. Survey method suits this particular study due to the nature of information required as the study will mostly be seeking for qualitative data such as attitudes of the respondents towards the property market now compared to before including bringing up what concerns them. Qualitative data analysis (QDA) is normally described as a series of processes or procedures of understanding and interpreting qualitative data related to the study.7 The analysis will make use of online surveys, statistical data and information from various articles in journals. References Stark, John, Product Lifecycle Management: 21st Century Paradigm for Product Realisation. Springer. (2004). Malkiel, Burton, Efficient Market Hypothesis, The New Palgrave: A dictionary of Economics, (1987) v2, pp120-23 (1987) Mugenda, o and Mugenda A.G, Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative Approaches (2003) Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies. Taylor, Celia and. Graham Gibbs, What is Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)? (2010) https://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_is_qda.php Poon, J and Brownlow M Competency expectations for property professionals in Australia. Journal of Property Investment Finance, (2014). 32(3) 256-281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-12-2013-0068 Lizieri, C The property Market in a Changing World Economy. Journal of property Valuation and Investment, (1991). 9(3), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635789110030912 Boyd Terry, Property Market Analysis-the key to looking forward.PRRES2014: Property Market Analysis. (2014).

Romantic free essay sample

Concordant major and minor scales bore me. Mundane paintings of fruit and birds should be hung only in offices. So whats intriguing? Romanticism: a reaction to the Industrial Revolution emphasizing awe in aesthetic pursuits. No, thats too plain. Romanticism, visceral and raw, sought emotion and frenzy from its followers, to please no one but themselves until those hot, strange tears spilled on the face in passionate human agony. Even at five, when I started piano lessons, I preferred dynamics over technicality. Ive since explored the twisted worlds of Chopin and Tchaikovsky until mellifluous melodies flowed in my head and out through my hands. Over the years, Ive learned all of Chopins Nocturnes and memorized The Tempest, my favorite of all Beethovens movements. Im drained after I play Romantic music, the energy and anger and passion storming onto the ivory until I am left in a dizzy stupor. We will write a custom essay sample on Romantic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the delight doesnt end with sound! Turner paints dreamscapes, as I call them, terrifying portrayals of nature overpowering man in colorful, turbulent collision. With Friedrichs wanderer is where I want to be, atop a rocky mountain overlooking a sea of fog with black peaks protruding from the mist. And I have all but fallen in love with handsome, ravishing Mr. Keats, doting over his poetry that expresses exactly the sentiment I want a man to feel for me. Dark, brooding, sensual, romantic – its uncanny how perfectly a movement in history describes me.